Clumped isotope thermometry measures the natural “clumping” of heavy isotopes within carbonate minerals, providing a temperature estimate that is independent of seawater chemistry. Recent analytical and calibration advances allow foraminiferal or coccolithophore samples to yield precise temperatures with well‑quantified uncertainty. Because Δ47 is unaffected by changes in seawater δ18O or Mg/Ca, it offers a powerful and complementary constraint on Miocene climate evolution.