Mg/Ca

Mg/Ca paleothermometry estimates past ocean temperatures from the amount of magnesium incorporated into foraminiferal calcite, which rises with temperature. Although Mg/Ca is also influenced by seawater chemistry, preservation, salinity, and pH, these factors can be corrected for using modern multi‑variable calibrations and reconstructions of ancient seawater Mg/Ca. The MioOcean framework applies these corrections consistently to generate high‑confidence records of both sea‑surface and bottom‑water temperatures across the Miocene.